COMPUTER

Programmer

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- Create efficient application software for specific processing needs

System Administrator / Manager

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- Install, configure, maintain, and upgrade computer systems
- Maximize system availability
- Optimize system performance
- Ensure system security

Web Designer

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- Optimize customer accessibility to Web services
- System administration of Web servers
- Select appropriate data formats
- Design efficient Web pages

Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

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- Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards
- Processing: CPU executes the computer program
- Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
- Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

Architecture Components

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- Hardware
- Processes data by executing instructions
- Provides input and output
- Software
- Instructions executed by the system
- Data
- Fundamental representation of facts and observations
- Communications
- haring data and processing among different systems

Hardware Component

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- Input/Output devices
- Storage Devices
- CPU
- ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
- CU: control unit
- Interface unit
- Memory : Short-term storage for CPU calculations

CPU: Central Processing Unit

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- ALU: arithmetic/logic unit : Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations
- CU: control unit : Controls processing of instructions, Controls movement of data within the CPU
- Interface unit
- Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components
- Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components

Software Component

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- Applications
- Operating System : API: application program interface, File management, I/O, Kernel : Memory management, Resource scheduling, Program communication, Security
- Network Module

Communications Component

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- Hardware
- Communication channels : Physical connections between computer systems, Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable, infrared light, radio waves
- Interface hardware : Handles communication between the computer and the communication channel, Modem or network interface card (NIC)
- Software
- Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI

Computer Systems

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All computer systems, no matter how complex, consists of the following:
- At least one CPU
- Memory to hold programs and data
- I/O devices
- Long-term storage

Protocols

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- Common ground rules of communication between computers, I/O devices, and many software programs
- Examples : HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers, TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local area networks, ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs

Standards

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- Created to ensure universal compatibility of data formats and protocols
- May be created by committee or may become a de facto standard through popular use
- Examples : Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript, Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF, Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC, Video standards: VGA, XGA, RGB